Sam+Garrard+&+Nathaniel+Sheets-

Best Material To Use To Make A Homemade pH Indicator By : Nathaniel Sheets and Sam Garrard

Problem: What is the best material to make your own pH indicator besides cabbage?

Background Research: Flavin ( anthocyanins) are water-soluble vacuolar pigments that may appear red, purple, or blue depending on the pH. Red cabbage contains this pigment. This pigment is also found in apple skins, plums, poppies, cornflowers, and grapes. Very acidic solutions will turn the anthocyanin a red color. Neutral solutions result in a green color. Basic solutions turn purple in color. Therefore, it is possible to determine the pH of a solution based on the color it turns the anthocyanin pigments in the juice it produces. The color changes in response to changes in its hydrogen ion concentration. p H is the decimal logarith m of the reciprocal of the hydrogen ion act i vity, a H +, in a solution. Acids will donate hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution and have a low pH (pH < 7). Bases accept the hydrogen ions and have a high pH (pH >7). The pH of biological systems is an important factor that determines which microorganism is able to survive and operate in the particular environment. While most microorganisms prefer pH's that approximate that of distilled water, some bacteria thrive in environments that are extremely acidic. Don't forget that all important citing of your resources in the text.-Your favorite Noah Hahn

Hypothesis: If we use apple skins to make a pH indicator, then it will be the best besides red cabbage.

Materials: Budget= $112 Methods:
 * 1 Head of Red Cabbage- $3.59
 * 1 Box of pH Strips- $10.36
 * 4 Apple Skins- $2.46 each; $9.84 total
 * 4 Plums- $2.43 each; $9.72 total
 * 1 Container of Purple Grapes- $2.02
 * 1 Box of Coffee Filters- $2.78
 * 1,200 mL of Water
 * 500 mL Beaker- $4.95
 * Six 250 mL Beakers - 4.50 each; $27.00 total
 * 1 56 oz. Bottle of Household Ammonia (NH3)- $35.54
 * 1 Bottle of Lemon Juice (citric acid, C6H8O7)- $2.67
 * 1 Bottle of White Vinegar (acetic acid, CH3COOH)- $2.38
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">1 Bottle of Antacids (calcium carbonate, calcium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide)- $3.82
 * 1) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">Make your pH testing water. (wear safety glasses for all parts of the lab)
 * 2) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">Chop each object into small pieces.
 * 3) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">Place into a 500mL beaker.
 * 4) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pour boiling water to cover the substance and let stand for 10 minutes.
 * 5) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">After 10 minutes is up, strain out the liquid from the solid with the coffee filters.
 * 6) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">Use the pH strips to test each liquid's pH and record in your chart.
 * 7) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">Place 50mL of either an acid or a base into each 250 mL beaker.
 * 8) Add 50 mL of the pH water to the acid or base to act as a pH strip instead of using one.
 * 9) Swirl around and let stand for 5 minutes to let the indicator change to the proper pH color for that acid or base.
 * 10) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">After the color of the liquid changes according to the acid/base put into each beaker, record the color of the liquid.
 * 11) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">Rinse out all of the beakers.
 * 12) <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">Repeat steps 1-7 for each of the apple skins, plums and grapes.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">__Bibliography:__

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;"> red-cabbage-ph-indicator.htm>.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">About.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Oct. 2013. <http://chemistry.about.com/od/acidsbase1/a/
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;">Encyclopedia.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Oct. 2013. <http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/pH.asp

ph-student-9-30-09.pdf>.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;"> Stanford. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 O ct. 2013. <[]


 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">Color: || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff0000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">Red || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ff9900; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">Orange || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #ffff00; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">Yellow || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #8df231; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">Green-Yellow || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #00ff00; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">Green || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0bdfa4; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">Blue-Green || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0000ff; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">Blue || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #8e7cc3; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">Violet || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #2422bd; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">Purple ||
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">pH: || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">1 || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">2 || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">3-4 || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">5-6 || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">7 || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">8-9 || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">10-11 || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">12-13 || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">14 ||
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">Acid/Base: || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">Acidic || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">Acidic || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">Acidic || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">Acidic || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">Neutral || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">Alkaline || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">Alkaline || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">Alkaline || <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #444444; font-family: Arial; font-size: 12px; vertical-align: baseline;">Alkaline ||